Forgeries known to the project
We provide here a list of those fake papyri and related manuscripts which have come to the notice of the project so far, as a resource for those who are interested in the topic. The table below may be sorted and filtered, or items searched for. A description of the table and its fields may be found below the table, along with a bibliography of works cited. A full description of the typology is also available.
In accordance with the general parameters of the Forging Antiquity project, the list below consists of forgeries from (or allegedly from) Egypt on papyrus and related material (ostraca, tablets, etc). It thus largely excludes (a) epigraphic forgeries; and (b) forgeries from locations other than Egypt. For this reason it does not include texts such as the post-2002 “Dead Sea Scroll-like” fragments which are well covered by other projects. This list largely consists of those forgeries which have been published, mentioned in print, or featured in online reposititories. We are aware that there are many more papyrus forgeries in collections throughout the world, and would be very grateful to receive information on them (and also images of them, if possible). Please send information on such fakes to malcolm@forgingantiquity.com.
Description
In the table above and the project database, papyri and related texts are listed first by papyrological siglum where one exists (according to the Checklist of Editions at papyri.info), or according to the details of the work in which they are discussed. In some cases there is no such publication, so the first column is left blank. In every case possible, we record (in the columns “Inventory number” and “Collection” the collection in which the text is currently found, as well as the text’s number(s) in the Trismegistos (“TM”) database where it exists. These are hyperlinked where possible; where it is not, the number(s) can be searched from the Trismegistos landing page. In some cases there are digital records on collection or otehr sites. Technical limitations prevent us being able to hyperlink to these here, but links to such repositiories are usually avaialble via Trismegsitos.
After “Material”, “Format” lists the format of the text as we appraise it, followed by the fromat the forger aspired to effect, where this is apparent (“Aspirational Format”). The “Script” column lists the script used: “Nonsensical” is used for the many papyri using pseudoscripts. The “Typology” column contains the classification of the text into the categories of forgery established within the project. A full description of this typology is available which explains the categories adopted. Contents and relavant bibliography are listed last.
Bibliography
The bibliography below lists those works referred to in the table above; it is not a complete bibliogrpahy of the project.For papyrus editions and sigla, please refer to the Checklist of Editions at papyri.info.
Albarrán Martínez, M. J. (2023). Baouît dans le collection Palau-Ribes. In F. Calament & G. Hadji-Minaglou (Eds.), Baouît (2008-2018), panorama et perspectives: Rencontre de l’archéologie et des textes (pp. 185–197). Cairo, Egypt: IFAO.
Almásy-Martin, A. (2019). Some remarks on bilingual mummy labels in the Louvre. In F. Naether (Ed.), New approaches in Demotic studies: Acts of the 13th International Conference of Demotic Studies (pp. 15–38). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
Aly, Z. (1961). Egypt’s contribution towards the promotion of papyrological studies. Appendix: A prosangelma from Hermopolis Magna. In L. Amundsen & V. Skånland (Eds.), Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Papyrology (pp. 328–334). Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Universities Press.
Amundsen, L. (Ed.). (1935). Greek ostraca in the University of Michigan collection. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Andrzejewski, T., Jakobielski, S., & Strelcyn, S. (1960). Catalogue des manuscrits égyptiens, coptes et éthiopiens. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Arlt, C. (2011). Deine Seele Möge Leben für Immer und Ewig: Die demotischen Mumienschilder im British Museum. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
Askeland, C. (2014). A fake Coptic John and its implications for the “Gospel of Jesus’s Wife.” Tyndale Bulletin, 65(1), 1–10.
Askeland, C. (2015). A Lycopolitan forgery of John’s Gospel. New Testament Studies, 61(3), 314–334.
Bagnall, R., Sijpesteijn, P., & Worp, K. (1980). Greek ostraka: A catalogue of the collection of Greek ostraka in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden. Zutphen: Terra.
Bailey, D. (1996). Archaeological research in Roman Egypt: The proceedings of the seventeenth Classical Colloquium of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, held on 1–4 December, 1993. Ann Arbor: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Baratte, F., & Boyaval, B. (1974). Catalogue des étiquettes de momies du Musée du Louvre (C.E.M.L.) – Textes grecs – 1ère partie. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille, 2, 155–264.
Baratte, F., & Boyaval, B. (1975). Catalogue des étiquettes de momies du Musée du Louvre (C.E.M.L.) – Textes grecs – 2ème partie. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille, 3, 151–261.
Baratte, F., & Boyaval, B. (1976). Catalogue des étiquettes de momies du Musée du Louvre (C.E.M.L.) – Textes grecs – 3ème partie. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille, 4, 173–254.
Baratte, F., & Boyaval, B. (1979). Catalogue des étiquettes de momies du Musée du Louvre (C.E.M.L.) – Textes grecs – 4ème partie. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille, 5, 237–339.
Bastianini, G. (2010). Falsificazioni in papirologia. In P. Castelli & S. Geruzzi (Eds.), Prima e dopo les Tavole Eugubine: Falsi e copie fra tradizione antiquaria e rivisitazione dell’antico (pp. 83–84). Pisa: Fabrizo Serra Editore.
Bell, H. (1927). Alexandria. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 13, 171–184.
Bellet, P. (1982). Anthologia Palatina 9,538: The alphabet and the calligraphic examination in the Coptic scriptorium. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 19, 1–7.
Berlev, O., & Hodjash, S. (1998). Catalogue of the monuments of Ancient Egypt from the museums of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Bielorussia, Caucasus, Middle Asia and the Baltic States. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press.
Bernhard, A. (2015). The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Textual evidence of modern forgery. New Testament Studies, 61(3), 335–355.
Bernhard, A. (2017). Postscript: A final note about the origin of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife. New Testament Studies, 63(3), 305–317.
Betz, H. (1992). The Greek magical papyri in translation (Vol. 1, 2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bingen, J. (1988). Les « Fayum Tablets », de faux abécédaires grecs archaïques. Chronique d’Égypte, 63, 315–316.
Blass, F. (1906). Referate und Besprechungen. Archiv für Papyrusforschung, 3(4), 443–569.
Blumell, L., Hull, K., & Aliberti, C. (2020). Un’iscrizione funeraria in greco in triplice copia? Analecta Papyrologica, 32, 201–212.
Boeser, P., & Pleyte, W. (1900). Catalogue du Musée d’antiquités à Leide: Sousdivision F. Égypte, Antiquités coptes. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Bonomi, J. (1858). Catalogue of Egyptian and other antiquities collected by Sir Charles Nicholson. London, England: Reynolds & Co.
Botti, G. (1905). Copia di un perduto codice manoscritto di Palefato περὶ ἀπίστων ἱστοριῶν e dell’anonimo biografo dei tre Palefati. In Atti del congresso internazionale di scienze storiche Roma 1903 (Vol. 2, pp. 155–160). Rome, Italy: Tipografia della R. Accademia dei Lincei.
Bowman, A., & Thomas, J. (1979). Some additional Greek papyri in the John Rylands University Library. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 61(2), 290–313.
Boyaval, B. (1974). Ghost-names? Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 15, 288–292.
Boyaval, B. (Ed.). (1976). Corpus des étiquettes de momies grecques. Lille, France: Presses Universitaires de Lille.
Boyaval, B. (1980). SB XII, 11190. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 38, 216.
Boyaval, B. (1997). Sur un soupçon centenaire. Λύχνος, 70, 61–62.
Boyaval, B. (1998). CEML 125, probablement un faux. Λύχνος, 76, 43–45.
Canfora, L., & Pinto, M. (2013). Il falso Eschilo di Simonidis. In G. Bastianini & A. Casanova (Eds.), I papiri di Eschilo e di Sofocle (pp. 65–81). Florence, Italy: Firenze University Press.
Chauveau, M., & Cuvigny, H. (1987). Les étiquettes de momies de la collection Froehner. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille, 9, 71–80.
Chauveau, M. (1987). Les étiquettes de momies démotiques et bilingues du Musée du Louvre provenant de la nécropole de Triphion (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Université de Paris 3, Paris, France.
Chauveau, M. (1991). Les étiquettes de momies de la “NY Carlsberg Glyptotek.” Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 91, 135–146.
Choat, M. (2014). The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: A preliminary paleographical assessment. Harvard Theological Review, 107(1), 160–162.
Choat, M. (2019). Forged antiquities: The case of papyrus fakes. In S. Hufnagel & D. Chappell (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook on art crime (pp. 557–586). London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Choat, M., Yuen-Collingridge, R., & Mawby, V. (2020). The papyri of Constantine Simonides in the Acatos Collection: A report of the forging antiquity project (Unpublished report). Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University.
Christiansen, T., & Ryholt, K. (2016). Catalogue of Egyptian funerary papyri in Danish collections. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Clarysse, W. (1980). Forgeries and ghost names. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 40, 76–77.
Clarysse, W., Maitland, M., & Worp, K. (2014). Mummy labels from Graeco-Roman Egypt in National Museums Scotland, England. Chronique d’Égypte, 89, 356–375.
Coles, R., & Gallazzi, C. (1981). Papyri and ostraka: Alterations and counterfeits. In E. Bresciani, G. Geraci, S. Pernigotti, & G. Susini (Eds.), Scritti in onore di Orsolina Montevecchi (pp. 99–105). Bologna, Italy: Clueb.
Cribiore, R. (1996). Writing, teachers, and students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.
Cromwell, J. (2015). Coptic writing exercises in the Petrie Museum with a concordance of its published Coptic texts. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 195, 205–218.
Cromwell, J., & Prada, L. (2015). 225a-d: Modern composite of genuine fragments. In S. Perrone (Ed.), Papiri dell’Università di Genova (Vol. 5, pp. 133–136). Rome, Italy: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
Crum, W., & Evelyn-White, H. (1926). The Monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes 2: Greek ostraca and papyri. New York: Arno Press.
Crum, W. (1905). Catalogue of the Coptic manuscripts in the British Museum. London, United Kingdom: British Museum.
Curtis, N., Kockelmann, H., & Munro, I. (2005). The collection of Book of the Dead manuscripts in Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen, Scotland: A comprehensive overview. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 105, 49–73.
Daniel, R., & Maltomini, F. (Eds.). (1990). Supplementum Magicum (Vol. 1). Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Demarée, R. (2002). Ramesside ostraca. London, United Kingdom: British Museum Press.
Depuydt, L. (2014). The alleged Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Assessment and evaluation of authenticity. Harvard Theological Review, 107(1), 171–189.
Depuydt, L. (1993). Catalogue of Coptic manuscripts in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
Devauchelle, D., & Quaegebeur, J. (1981). Étiquettes des momies démotiques et bilingues de l’IFAO. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 81, 359–377.
Di Cerbo, C. (2014). Seven offering tables and a mummy label from the magazines of Luxor Temple. In S. Lippert & M. Stadler (Eds.), Gehilfe des Thot: Festschrift für Karl-Theodor Zauzich zu seinem 75. Geburtstag (pp. 21–27). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz.
Dieleman, J. (2010). Cryptography at the Monastery of Deir el Bachit (Ostracon Bachit 21). Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 194, 511–518.
Funghi, M., Messeri, G., & Römer, C. (2012). Ostraca greci e bilingui del Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (O.Petr.Mus.) (3 vols.). Firenze, Italy: Edizioni Gonnelli.
Gallazzi, C. (1979). Un papiro falso con un frammento di Bione. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 34, 55–58.
Gallazzi, C. (1982). OSTRACA LUNDENSIA: Ostraka aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde aus der Universität zu Lund herausgegeben und kommentiert von Christos Tsiparis. Dissertazione di Dottorato. Lund, Sweden, (21 cm., pgg. 135, tavv. 20 s.n.). SKR 70.–. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 39, 573–579.
Gastgeber, C. (2001). Kopie und Fälschung. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck.
Gilliam, J. F. (1966). Leather scrolls from Alexandria. In A. E. Samuel (Ed.), Essays in honour of C. Bradford Welles (pp. 112–120). New Haven, CT: American Society of Papyrologists.
Goler, S., Yardley, J. T., Ratzan, D. M., Bagnall, R., Hagadorn, A., & McInerney, J. (2019). Dating ancient Egyptian papyri through Raman spectroscopy: Concept and application to the fragments of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife and the Gospel of John. Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 42(1), 98–133.
Hagen, F. (2010). On some fake hieratic ostraca. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 96, 71–82.
Hess, J. (1892). Demotica. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 30, 119–121.
Heubeck, A. (1986). Die Würzburger Alphabettafel. Würzburger Jahrbucher für die Altertumswissenschaft, 12, 7–20.
Hixon, E. (2022). Possible markers of inauthenticity in a Greek New Testament papyrus: Genuinely bad or a very good fake? In C. Bates, J. Marcon, A. Patton, & E. Scieri (Eds.), That nothing may be lost: Fragments and the New Testament text (pp. 1–38). New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
Hoffmann, F. (Ed.). (2000). Ägypten, Kultur und Lebenswelt in griechisch-römischer Zeit: Eine Darstellung nach den demotischen Quellen. Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag.
Horak, U. (1991). Fälschungen auf Papyrus, Pergament, Papier und Ostraka. Tyche, 6, 91–98.
Horak, U. (2001). Fälschungen auf Papyrus, Pergament und Papier.” In C. Gastgeber (Ed.), Kopie und Fälschung: Katalog zur Ausstellung (pp. 51-59). Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
Iconomopoulos, D. (1889). Les jeux gymniques de Panopolis. Revue des études grecques, 2(6), 164–168.
King, K. (2014). “Jesus said to them, ‘My wife…’”: A new Coptic papyrus fragment. Harvard Theological Review, 107(1), 131–159.
Kirwan, L. P. (1933). Some Roman mummy tickets. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l‘Égypte, 33, 54–58.
Kockelmann, H. (2008). Untersuchungen zu den späten Totenbuch-Handschriften auf Mumienbinden (Vols. 1–2). Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
Kockemann, H. (2020). Four nineteenth-century Book of the Dead forgeries on mummy linen in the John Rylands Library, or: The Description de l’Égypte as a faker’s master copy. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 96, 1–24.
Krebs, F. (1984). Griechische Mumienetikette aus Ägypten. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 32, 36–38.
Krüger, O., & Bistrikowa, M. G. (1965). Неизданные папирусы и другие тексты Государственного Эрмитажа. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 92, 103–106.
Krüger, O., & Bistrikowa, M. G. (1969). Неизданные папирусы и другие тексты Государственного Эрмитажа и Музея изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 110, 138–145.
Lanzone, R. V. (1881–1886). Dizionario di mitologia egizia (Vols. 1–3). Turin, Italy: Litografia fratelli Doyen.
Lejeune, M. (1988). De surprenants abécédaires (résumé). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 132, 144.
Lenormant, F. (1867). Apochae duae graeco-egyptiacae ineditae. Philologus, 25, 531.
Lougovaya, J. (2015). A Homeric collage in Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 196, 13–16.
Lucarelli, R., & Choat, M. (2023). The art of forgery in the manuscript culture in antiquity. In R. Lucarelli & M. A. Stadler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the Egyptian Book of the Dead (pp. 556–568). New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
Lucarelli, R., & Müller-Roth, M. (2014). Forgeries for the Dead: Fake specimens of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. IBAES, 15, 41–51.
Lüddeckens, E. (1955). Die Mumienschilder des Kestner-Museums zu Hannover. Mainz-Wiesbaden, Germany: F. Steiner.
Luijendijk, A. (2011). “Jesus says: ‘There is nothing buried that will not be raised’”: A late-antique shroud with Gospel of Thomas Logion 5 in context. Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum, 15, 389–410.
Manfredi, M. (1998). Papiri dell’Istituto Papirologico «G. Vitelli» 1. Firenze, Italy: Tipografia Giuntina.
Maspero, G. (1883). Guide du visiteur au musée de Boulaq. Boulaq, Egypt: Boulaq au Musee.
Meeks, D. (1993). Deux papyrus funéraires de Marseille (Inv. 292 et 5323): À propos de quelques personnages thébains. In E. G. Karpieskaja & A. A. Kovaljev (Eds.), Ancient Egypt and Kush (pp. 290–305). Moscow, Russia: Oriental Literature.
Milne, J. G. (1905). Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Nos. 9201–9400, 26001–26123, 33001–33037, Greek inscriptions. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Möller, G. (1913). Demotische Texte aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. Leipzig, Germany: J. C. Heinrichs.
Munro, P. (1973). Die spätägyptischen Totenstelen. Glückstadt, Germany: Verlag J. J. Augustin.
Nachtergael, G. (1978). La collection Marcel Hombert: Timbres amphoriques et autres documents écrits acquis en Égypte. Papyrologica Bruxellensia, 15, 80.
Nachtergael, G. (2001). Deux étiquettes de momies du Musée d’Ekaterinburg. Chronique d’Égypte, 76, 270–272.
Nachtergael, G. (2003). Étiquettes de momies: Éditions, notes critiques, bibliographie. Chronique d’Égypte, 78, 251–276.
Nachtergael, G. (2004). Sur la provenance de quelques ostraca de la Lund Collection. Ricerche di egittologia e di antichità copte, 6, 91–96.
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Revillout, E. (1880). Planchettes bilingues. Revue Égyptologique, 7, 29–39.
Richards, J., & Wilfong, T. (1995). Preserving eternity: Modern goals, ancient intentions. Ann Arbor, United States: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology.
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Simonides, C. (1861). Fac-similes of certain portions of the Gospel of St. Matthew, and of the Epistles of Ss. James & Jude: Written on papyrus in the first century, and preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Joseph Mayer, Esq. Liverpool. London, United Kingdom: Trübner.
Simonides, C. (1864a). The periplus of Hannon, King of the Carchedonians, concerning the Libyan parts of the Earth beyond the Pillars of Herakles, which he dedicated to Kronos, the greatest God, and to all the Gods dwelling with him. London, United Kingdom: Trübner.
Simonides, C. (1864b). Λείψανα ἱστορικά. Liverpool, United Kingdom: Σταματίω Ν. Φραγκοπούλω.
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Taylor, E. (2014). An interesting fake. British Museum Newsletter Egypt and Sudan, 1, 19.
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Tiradritti, F. (1999). Una truffa ottocentesca: I papiri del console Acerbi. In F. Tiradritti (Ed.), Sesh: Lingue e scritture nell’antico Egitto (pp. 172–177). Milan, Italy: Electa.
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